In 1952, who developed FORTRAN?

FORTRAN, short for Formula Translation, is a high-level programming language that was developed specifically for scientific and engineering calculations. In 1952, John Backus led a team at IBM that created this groundbreaking language. The development of FORTRAN marked a significant advancement in programming because it allowed programmers to write instructions in a syntax that resembled mathematical formulas, making it much easier to use than earlier programming languages, which were more hardware-specific and less intuitive.

Backus's work on FORTRAN introduced many concepts that have influenced modern programming languages and paradigms, including the use of compiled languages and structured programming techniques. His contributions to computing extend beyond FORTRAN, as he was a pioneer in promoting the idea that software could be developed in a way that is both efficient and accessible to a broader audience of programmers.

The other individuals mentioned are notable figures in the field of computer science as well. Grace Hopper was instrumental in the development of COBOL, another influential programming language. Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan were co-creators of the C programming language and authors of the influential book "The C Programming Language." However, none of these individuals were associated with the creation of FORTRAN. Thus, the correct association of FORTRAN's development with John Backus